1) Poglejmo si sledeči stavek:
- The man who owns this car is my tennis instructor. = Moški, ki je lastnik tega avta, je moj učitelj tenisa.
“who owns this car” je odvisni stavek
2) Odvisni stavek je sestavni del povedi. Pove nam, o kateri oziroma kakšne vrste osebi ali stvari je govora. Osebo ali stvar dodatno in natančneje opiše ali določi. Če bi izpustili ta del povedi, pri omejevalnih odvisnih stavkih (več o teh v nadaljevanju) ne bi vedeli koga oziroma kaj ima govorec v mislih:
- The man who is wearing a red tie runs a big company. = Moški, ki nosi rdečo kravato, vodi veliko podjetje. (“who is wearing a red tie” nam pove kateri moški)
- People who live in this part of the city are all very wealthy. = Ljudje, ki živijo v tem delu mesta, so vsi zelo bogati. (“who live in this part of the city” nam pove kateri ljudje)
3) Odvisni stavki iz dveh povedi naredijo eno, pri čemer “who/what/which” v odvisnih stavkih nadomeščajo zaimke/osebe/stvari. Rečemo torej:
- This is the bike which costs over €2,000. = To je kolo, ki stane preko €2.000.
Namesto tega bi lahko imeli dve povedi: “This is a bike. The bike/It costs over €2,000.”
4) “Who” je v rabi za osebe in nadomešča zaimke “he/she/they”:
- The man-he owns this car- is my tennis instructor. = Moški – on je lastnik tega avta – je moj učitelj tenisa.
The man who owns this car is my tennis instructor. = Moški, ki je lastnik tega avta, je moj učitelj tenisa. - I live near a man – he has won has a jackpot. = Živim blizu moškega – on je zadel glavno nagrado.
I live near a man who won a jackpot. = Živim blizu moškega, ki je zadel glavno nagrado.
Še nekaj primerov:
- Where is the book which I lent you? = Kje je knjiga, ki sem ti jo posodila?
- There is the man who is a national champion in swimming. = Tam je moški, ki je državni prvak v plavanju.
5) Ko govorimo o osebah v odvisnih namesto “who” lahko rečemo tudi “that”, vendar samo v omejevalnih odvisnih stavkih (razloženi so v nadaljevanju):
- The police interrogated a woman that supposedly cooperated in the murder. = Policija je zaslišala žensko, ki naj bi sodelovala v umoru.
6) Ko govorimo o stvareh v odvisnih stavkih uporabimo bodisi “which” ali “that”, vendar “that” samo v omejevalnih odvisnih stavkih (razloženi so v nadaljevanju):
- This is the newspaper that came out yesterday. = To je časopis, ki je izšel včeraj.
Še nekaj primerov:
- I don’t like dishes that/which contain no meat. = Ne maram jedi brez mesa.
- Hank is talking about the new taxes that/which came into force last month. = Hank govori o novih davkih, ki so stopili v veljavo prejšnji mesec.
- It was a relationship that/which left him broken-hearted. = Bilo je razmerje, ki ga je pustilo z zlomljenim srcem.
7) Odvisnike uporabljamo tudi pri tvorjenju definicij:
- A singer is someone who sings. = Pevec je nekdo, ki poje.
8) Pogosto lahko “who/that/which” izpustimo
a) Kadar nastopajo “who/that/which” v vlogi predmeta v odvisnem stavku, jih lahko izpustimo. Izpust ni možen, ko se pojavijo v vlogi osebka.
Poglejmo si stavke, kjer so”who/that/which” predmet stavka:
- I want to watch a film. The film was directed by Steven Spielberg.
The film which I want to watch was directed by Steven Spielberg. = Film, ki ga želim videti, je režiral Steven Spielberg. (“Which” = “the film” je predmet in “I” je osebek.)
- Can you see a girl? I am telling you about this girl.
Can you see the girl who I am telling you about? = Vidiš dekle, o kateri ti govorim? (“Who” = “the girl” je predmet in “I” je osebek.)
Da sta v obeh zgornjih primerih “which/who” v vlogi predmeta, vemo po tem, da jima sledi osebek, v obeh zgornjih primerih je to zaimek “I”; če bi bila v vlogi osebka, bi jima sledil glagol.
Kadar so “who/that/which” predmeti v stavku, jih lahko izpustimo. Lahko torej rečemo:
- The film (which/that) I want to watch was directed by Steven Spielberg. = Film, ki ga želim videti, je režiral Steven Spielberg.
- Have you received the shipment (that/which) we sent yesterday? = Ste prejeli pošiljko, ki smo jo poslali včeraj?
- The picture (that/which) Helen took looks nice. = Slika, ki jo je naredila Helena, zgleda lepa.
- Is there anything (that/which) I can do? = Lahko kaj naredim?
b) “Who/that/which” ne moremo izpustiti, kadar ti igrajo vlogo osebka v odvisnem stavku:
- The man who/that owns this car is my tennis instructor. = Moški, ki je lastnik tega avta, je moj trener tenisa.
The man who owns this car. (“Who” = “the man” = osebek)
- This is the bike which/that costs over €2,000. = To je kolo, ki stane preko 2.000€.
The bike that costs over €2,000. (“That” = “the bike” = osebek)
Kadar je govora o osebku odvisnega stavka, ne moramo izpustiti “who/that/which”. Ne moremo reči: “The man owns this car is my tennis instructor.” ali “This is the bike costs over €2,000.”
Da sta v vseh zgornjih primerih “who/which” v vlogi osebka, vemo po tem, da jima sledi glagol, v prvem primeru “owns” v drugem primeru “costs”.
Bodite pozorni na to, da ne dodajate zaimkov na koncu odvisnih stavkov:
- The money you earned… = Denar, ki si ga prislužil. (Ne rečemo: The money you earned it…)
- The car they rented… = Avto, ki so ga najeli.. (Ne rečemo: The car they rented it…)