Zaimki, ki uvajajo odvisne stavke = Pronouns Introducing Relative Clauses
1) Whose
“Whose” najpogosteje uporabljamo, ko govorimo o svojini oseb, lahko pa ga uporabljamo tudi za svojino živali ali stvari. Nadomešča “his/her/its/their”:
- I can ask my friend – her knowledge of accounting is very good – to give me a a piece of advice
I can ask my friend whose knowledge of accounting is very good to give me a a piece of advice. = Lahko vprašam svojo prijateljico, katere znanje računovodstva je zelo dobro, da mi da nasvet.
- This is the man whose dog bit me. = To je moški, katerega pes me je ugriznil.
- My favourite professor, whose book was published last week, held a really interesting lecture yesterday. = Moja najljubša profesorica, katere knjigo so izdali prejšnji teden, je imela včeraj res zanimivo predavanje.
- Queen Elizabeth II, whose face is also on several UK banknotes, was born in 1926. = Kraljica Elizabeta II, katere obraz je na nekaj britanskih bankovcih, je bila rojena leta 1926.
Kdaj uporabimo “who” in kdaj “whose”?
- How can I help a friend whose close relative has just died? (his close relative has just died) = Kako lahko pomagam prijatelju katerega bližnji sorodnik je pravkar umrl?
- A relative who is also a doctor helped me clear my wound. (he is also a doctor)= Sorodnik, ki je tudi zdravnik, mi je pomagal očistiti rano.
“Whose” je namesto “his/her/its/their”, “who” je namesto “he/she/they”.
2) Whom
“Whom” lahko uporabimo namesto “who”, vendar samo kadar je slednji v vlogi predmeta odvisnega stavka.
- We met a man yesterday. He will help us advertise our products.
The man whom we met yesterday will help us advertise our products. (We met him.) = Moški, ki smo ga včeraj spoznali, nam bo pomagal oglaševati naše izdelke. - My daughter whom I gave a very strict upbringing has become a successful businesswoman. (I gave her a strict upbringing.) = Moja hči, ki sem jo zelo strogo vzgojil, je postala uspešna poslovna ženska.)
Pred “whom” lahko postavimo tudi predlog (npr.: to whom/from whom/with whom), kar pri “who” ni možno:
- The people with whom we spent our winter holidays invited us to visit them. (We spent our holidays with them.) = Ljudje, s katerimi smo preživeli zimske počitnice, so nas povabili, naj jih obiščemo.
- The schoolmate from whom I borrowed the notes hasn’t failed any exam so far. (I borrowed the notes from her.) = Sošolka, od katere sem si sposodila zapiske, do zdaj še ni padla nobenega izpita.
Vendar ne slišimo pogosto “whom”, še posebej ne v govorjeni angleščini, kjer navadno uporabljajo “who/that” ali sploh nič.
- The man we met… (ali: the man who/that we met…)
- The schoolmate I borrowed the notes from… (ali: The schoolmate who/that I borrowed the notes from…)
3) Which
“Which” se včasih ne nanaša zgolj na stvari temveč na cele stavke. Nadomešča lahko torej stvari ali cele stavke. Poglejmo si sledeč primer:
- Mary left George. This shocked everybody. = Mary je zapustila Georga. To je vse šokiralo. (dve povedi)
Mary left George, which shocked everybody.= Mary je zapustila Georga, kar je vse šokiralo. (ena poved)
V tem primeru “which” pomeni “Mary left George”, se torej nanaša na cel stavek, ne samo na eno stvar. V primerih, kjer se navezujemo na cel stavek, moramo uporabiti “which” (ne “what”).
- Andy passed his last exam, which is great. = Andy je naredil svoj zadnji izpit, kar je super. (Ne rečemo “what is great”)
- My ex invited me for a drink, which surprised me. = Moj bivši me je povabil na pijačo, kar me je presenetilo. (Ne rečemo “what surprised me”)
4) All of/most of + whom/which
- There were a lot of people at the club. Most of whom were men. = V klubu je bilo veliko ljudi. Večinoma so bili moški. (dve povedi)
There were a lot of people at the club, most of whom were men. = V klubu je bilo veliko ljudi, večinoma moški. (ena poved) - I have a lot of friends. Most of whom are married. = Imam veliko prijateljic. Večina izmed njih je poročenih. (dve povedi)
I have a lot of friends, most of whom are married. = Imam veliko prijateljic, večina izmed njih je poročenih. (ena poved) - I celebrated my birthday yesterday and received a lot of presents. I haven’t opened all of them yet. = Včeraj sem praznoval rojstni dan in prejel veliko daril. Vseh še nisem odprl. (dve povedi)
I celebrated my birthday yesterday and received a lot of presents, most of which I haven’t opened yet. = Včeraj sem praznoval rojstni dan in prejel veliko daril, večino katerih še nisem odprl. (ena poved)
Na isti način lahko rečemo:
None of/neither of/any of/either of Some of/many of/much of/(a) few of Both of/half of/each of/one of/two of | + who (za osebe) + which (za stvari) |
- I have tried a lot of cakes, none of which can be compared to this one. = Poskusil sem veliko tort, vendar se nobena ne more primerjati s to.
- There were two young women, none of whom looked older than thirty. = Tam sta bili dve mladi ženski in nobena ni izgledala starejša od trideset.
5) Why
Rečemo “the reason (that/why)”:
- The reason (why/that) he said this is because he cares for you. = To je rekel zato, ker mu ni vseeno zate.
- The reason (that/why) a lot of people don’t start their own business is that they are afraid they will fail. = Razlog, da se veliko ljudi boji začeti s svojim poslom je, da se bojijo, da ne bodo uspeli.
6) When
Rečemo “the day/the year/the time” in podobno “(when/that)”:
- The last time (when/that) I called him was on Monday night. = Zadnjič sem ga klicala v ponedeljek ponoči.
- On the day (when/that) you were born, it was snowing so heavily that we hardly came to the hospital in time. =Na dan, ko si se rodil, je tako močno snežilo, da smo komaj prišli pravočasno v bolnico.
7) Where
“Where” uporabljamo v odvisnih stavkih, kadar govorimo o krajih:
- I still like visiting the place- I spent my childhood there
- I still like visiting the place where I spent my childhood. = Še vedno rad obiščem kraj, kjer sem preživel svoje otroštvo.
Še nekaj primerov:
- This is the park where we had our first date. = To je park, v katerem sva imela najin prvi zmenek. (Lahko rečemo tudi: This is the park (that) we had our first date in.)
- The police are investigating the place where the victim was murdered. = Policija raziskuje kraj, kjer je bila žrtev ubita.
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