Trpnik = Passive Voice

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"Trpnik = Passive Voice"

Trpnik je v angleščini veliko pogostejši, kot tvornik. Uporabljamo ga takrat, ko ne vemo,  kdo je vršilec dejanja, oziroma ko ta sploh ni pomemben, ali ko nas bolj zanima sama posledica dejanja. Trpnik lahko tvorimo samo, kadar je v tvorniku predmet. Na takšne stavčne strukture pogosto naletimo v tehničnih in znanstvenih besedilih.

  • They built a new bridge. = Zgradili so nov most. – tvornik
  • A new bridge was built. = Nov most je bil zgrajen. – trpnik

1) Oblika

Kako tvorimo trpnik iz tvornika:
- predmet v tvorniku se v trpniku postavi na prvo mesto v stavku in postane osebek
- osebek v tvorniku pa postane predmet v trpniku, ali pa ga preprosto izpustimo
- spremenilo obliko glagola v: to be (v ustreznem času - v istem kot je čas v tvorniku) + Past Participle (pravilen glagol z obrazilom "-ed" ali 3. oblika nepravilnega glagola)

Tvornik

Matjaž

wrote

a letter.

Trpnik

A letter

was written

by Matjaž.

Tabela, ki sledi, prikazuje, kako glede na glagolske čase, stavke v tvorniku pretvorimo v trpnike:

čas

tvornik

trpnik

Present Simple

Andrej writes books.

Books are written (by Andrej).

Past Simple

Andrej wrote books.

Books were written (by Andrej).

Present Perfect

Andrej has written books.

Books have been written (by Andrej).

Past Perfect

Andrej had written books.

Books had been written (by Andrej).

will-future

Andrej will write books.

Books will be written (by Andrej).

going to-future

Andrej is going to write books next year.

Books are going to be written (by Andrej) next year.

Te čase manj pogosto vidimo v trpniku:

čas

tvornik

trpnik

Present Continuous

I am writing a book.

A book is being written (by me).

Past Continuous

I was writing a book.

A book was being written (by me).

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been writing a book.

A book has been being written (by me).

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been writing a book.

A book had been being written (by me).

Future Continuous

I will be writing a book.

A book will be being written (by me).

Future Perfect Continuous

I will have been writing a book.

A book  will have been being written (by me).

2) Izražanje vršilca dejanja

Kadar tudi v trpnem stavku želimo izraziti vršilca dejanja, to naredimo z “-by” frazo.

Tvornik

Trpnik

The police found the missing person.

The missing person was found by the police.

3) Stavki z dvema predmetoma

Kadar sta v tvorniku dva predmeta, obstajata dva možna stavka v tvorniku in dve različni možnosti trpnika:

1. primer: The boy gave the flowers to the girl. = Fant je dal punci rože.

2. primer: The boy gave the girl the flowers. = Fant je dal punci rože.

V vsakem izmed zgornjih stavkov sta dva predmeta:
dajalnik = the students
tožilnik = the exercise

V dajalniku je pogosto oseba in v tožilniku stvar. Kadar predmetu v tožilniku sledi predmet v dajalniku, postavimo to pred predmet v dajalniku.

Tvornik

osebek

glagol

dajalnik (komu ali čemu?)

tožilnik (koga ali kaj?)

The boy

gave

the girl

the flowers.

Tvornik 2.možnost

osebek

glagol

tožilnik (koga ali kaj?)

dajalnik (komu ali čemu?)

The boy

gave

the flowers

to the girl.

Katerikoli od predmetov (dajalnik ali tožilnik) lahko zavzame mesto osebka v trpniku:

Trpnik

osebek

glagol

tožilnik (koga ali kaj?)

“by” fraza, ki izraža vršilca dejanja

The girl

was given

the flowers

(by the boy).

Trpnik 2.možnost

osebek

glagol

dajalnik (komu ali čemu?)

“by” fraza, ki izraža vršilca dejanja

The flowers

were given

to the girl

(by the boy).

4) Glagoli s predlogi

Kadar pretvarjamo tvornike, ki vsebujejo glagol s predlogom (turn down, switch on) v trpnike, predlog v trpniku pride takoj za glagolom.

Tvornik

Trpnik

They took care of the problem.

The problem was taken care of.
  • Izbiranje ustreznega trpnika (1)
  • Izbiranje ustreznega trpnika (2)
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Present Tense Simple"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Past Tense Simple"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Present Tense Continuous"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Past Tense Continuous"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Will-future"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v času "Present Perfect Simple"
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v različnih časih (1)
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v različnih časih (2)
  • Tvorjenje trpnika v različnih časih (3)
  • Tvorjenje trpnika z modalnimi glagoli (sedanjik)

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