Trpnik = Passive Voice
Trpnik je v angleščini veliko pogostejši, kot tvornik. Uporabljamo ga takrat, ko ne vemo, kdo je vršilec dejanja, oziroma ko ta sploh ni pomemben, ali ko nas bolj zanima sama posledica dejanja. Trpnik lahko tvorimo samo, kadar je v tvorniku predmet. Na takšne stavčne strukture pogosto naletimo v tehničnih in znanstvenih besedilih.
- They built a new bridge. = Zgradili so nov most. – tvornik
- A new bridge was built. = Nov most je bil zgrajen. – trpnik
1) Oblika
Kako tvorimo trpnik iz tvornika:
– predmet v tvorniku se v trpniku postavi na prvo mesto v stavku in postane osebek
– osebek v tvorniku pa postane predmet v trpniku, ali pa ga preprosto izpustimo
– uporabimo glagol “to be” v istem času kot je polnopomenski glagol v tvorniku
– dodamo “Past Participle” polnopomenskega glagola v tvorniku (pravilen glagol z obrazilom “-ed” ali 3. oblika nepravilnega glagola)
– če hočemo omeniti vršilca dejanja, tega navedemo z “by”- frazo
Tvornik | Matjaž | wrote | a letter. |
Trpnik | A letter | was written | by Matjaž. |
Tabela, ki sledi, prikazuje, kako glede na glagolske čase, stavke v tvornikih pretvorimo v trpnike:
ČAS | TVORNIK | TRPNIK |
Present Simple | Andrej writes books. | Books are written (by Andrej). |
Past Simple | Andrej wrote books. | Books were written (by Andrej). |
Present Perfect | Andrej has written books. | Books have been written (by Andrej). |
Past Perfect | Andrej had written books. | Books had been written (by Andrej). |
will-future | Andrej will write books. | Books will be written (by Andrej). |
going to-future | Andrej is going to write books next year. | Books are going to be written (by Andrej) next year. |
Te čase manj pogosto vidimo v trpniku:
ČAS | TVORNIK | TRPNIK |
Present Continuous | I am writing a book. | A book is being written (by me). |
Past Continuous | I was writing a book. | A book was being written (by me). |
Present Perfect Continuous | I have been writing a book. | A book has been being written (by me). |
Past Perfect Continuous | I had been writing a book. | A book had been being written (by me). |
Future Continuous | I will be writing a book. | A book will be being written (by me). |
Future Perfect Continuous | I will have been writing a book. | A book will have been being written (by me). |
2) Izražanje vršilca dejanja
Kadar tudi v trpnem stavku želimo izraziti vršilca dejanja, to naredimo z “-by” frazo.
Tvornik | Trpnik |
The police found the missing person. | The missing person was found by the police. |
3) Stavki z dvema predmetoma
Kadar sta v tvorniku dva predmeta, obstajata dve možni strukturi stavkov v tvorniku in dve v trpniku:
1. primer: The boy gave the flowers to the girl. = Fant je dal punci rože.
2. primer: The boy gave the girl the flowers. = Fant je dal punci rože.
V vsakem izmed zgornjih stavkov sta dva predmeta:
– the girl (v dajalniku)
– the flowers (v tožilniku)
V dajalniku je pogosto oseba in v tožilniku stvar. Kadar predmetu v tožilniku sledi predmet v dajalniku, postavimo “to” pred predmet v dajalniku.
Tvornik (1. možnost) | |||
osebek | glagol | dajalnik (komu ali čemu?) | tožilnik (koga ali kaj?) |
The boy | gave | the girl | the flowers. |
Tvornik (2.možnost) | |||
osebek | glagol | tožilnik (koga ali kaj?) | dajalnik (komu ali čemu?) |
The boy | gave | the flowers | to the girl. |
Katerikoli od predmetov (dajalnik ali tožilnik) lahko zavzame mesto osebka v trpniku:
Trpnik (1.možnost) | |||
osebek | glagol | tožilnik (koga ali kaj?) | “by” fraza, ki izraža vršilca dejanja |
The girl | was given | the flowers | (by the boy). |
Trpnik (2.možnost) | |||
osebek | glagol | dajalnik (komu ali čemu?) | “by” fraza, ki izraža vršilca dejanja |
The flowers | were given | to the girl | (by the boy). |
4) Glagoli s predlogi
Kadar pretvarjamo tvornike, ki vsebujejo glagol s predlogom (turn down, switch on) v trpnike, predlog v trpniku pride takoj za glagolom.
Tvornik | Trpnik |
They took care of the problem. | The problem was taken care of. |
1) Modalni glagoli (na primer: should, must, have/has to, might, may)
Tvornik | Trpnik |
Sheila must write the report. | The report must be written. |
They have to finish the building by this winter. | The building has to be finished by this winter.
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Oblika trpnika z modalnim glagolom:
modalni glagol + “be” + 3.oblika nepravilnega glagola ali pravilni glagol s končnico “-ed”)
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