Odvisni govor = Reported Speech
Odvisni govor uporabljamo, ko poročamo o tem, kar je nekdo povedal. Pri odvisnem govoru moramo v angleščini biti pozorni na prilagajanje zaimkov, glagolskih časov in časovnih izrazov:
- Peter said: “I like your flat.” = Peter je rekel: “Všeč mi je tvoje stanovanje.”
- Peter said that he liked my flat. = Peter je rekel, da mu je všeč moje stanovanje.
1. POROČANJE TRDILNIH IN NIKALNIH POVEDI
Če je glagol v glavnem stavku v času “Past Simple”, glagole v odvisniku premaknemo za en čas nazaj (1.1.). Kadar pa je glagol glavnega stavka v sedanjiku, prihodnjiku ali glagolskem času “Present Perfect”, časi v odvisnikih ostanejo nespremenjeni (1.2.).
1.1.Glagol glavnega stavka je v pretekliku:
- Andrej said: “I don’t know this person.” = Andrej je rekel: “Ne poznam te osebe.”
- Andrej said that he didn’t know that person. = Andrej je rekel, da ne pozna te osebe.
Za razlago, kako prestavljamo čase (poleg teh prestavljamo tudi prislove in zaimke) si poglejte preglednice, ki sledijo.*
1.2.Glagol glavnega stavka je v prihodnjiku, sedanjiku, času “Present Perfect”:
- He always says: “Everything will be just fine.” = On vedno pravi: “Vse bo dobro.”
- He always says that everything will be just fine. = On vedno pravi, da bo vse dobro.
- I am sure that she will say: “I know what you mean.” = Prepričan sem, da bo rekla: “Vem kaj misliš.”)
- I am sure that she will say that she knows what I mean. = Prepričan sem, da bo rekla, da ve, kaj mislim.
- She has just inquired: “How long have you lived here?” = Pravkar je vprašala: “Kako dolgo že živiš tu?”
- She has just inquired how long I have lived there. = Pravkar je vprašala, kako dolgo že živim tu.
*Ko je glagolski čas v glavnem stavku v času “Past Simple” prestavimo glagolski čas v odvisnem stavku na sledeč način:
Prestavljanje časov | ||
Present Simple | → | Past Simple |
Past Simple | → | Past Perfect |
Present Perfect | ||
Past Perfect | ||
will | → | would |
Primeri prestavljanja glagolov | ||
am/are/is | → | was/were |
was/were | → | had been |
has been | ||
had been |
Primeri prestavljanja “Continuous” časov (Present/Past/Perfect Continuous) | ||
Janez: “I’m cooking Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he was cooking Chinese food. |
Janez: “I was cooking Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he had been cooking Chinese food. |
Peter: “I have been cooking Chinese food.” | ||
Peter: “I had been cooking Chinese food.” | ||
Primeri prestavljanja “Simple” časov | ||
Janez: “I cook Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he cooked Chinese food. |
Janez: “I cooked Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he had cooked Chinese food. |
Janez: “I have cooked Chinese food.” | ||
Janez: “I had cooked Chinese food.” | ||
Janez: “I will cook Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he would cook Chinese food. |
Primeri prestavljanja modalnih glagolov (spremeni se samo “can”, ostali modalni glagoli ostanejo isti) | ||
Janez: “I can cook Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he could cook Chinese food. |
Janez: “I must cook Chinese food.” | → | Janez said that he must cook Chinese food. |
Če stavek vsebuje časovni izraz, je tudi tega potrebno prilagoditi:
- Janez: “I cooked Chinese food last week.” = Janez: “Prejšnji teden sem skuhal kitajsko hrano.”
- Janez said that he had cooked Chinese food the week before.= Janez je rekel, da je prejšnji teden skuhal kitajsko hrano.
Spreminjanje časovnih izrazov:
this (evening) | → | that (evening) |
today/this day | → | that day |
these (days) | → | those (days) |
now | → | then |
(a week) ago | → | (a week) before |
last weekend | → | the weekend before / the previous weekend |
here | → | there |
next (week) | → | the following (week) |
tomorrow | → | the next/following day |
Spreminjanje osebnih zaimkov
V odvisnem govoru ustrezno prilagodimo tudi zaimke:
- Andreja: “I can’t wait for you to come.” = Andreja: “Komaj čakam, da prideš.”
Recimo, da želite povedano posredovati nekomu drugemu:
- Andreja said that she could not wait for me to come. = Andreja je rekla, da komaj čaka, da pridem.
2. POROČANJE VELELNIH POVEDI
Ukazi (tell + to + nedoločnik) | Prepovedi (tell + not to + nedoločnik) |
My boss: “Finish the report by Friday.” | My boss: “Don’t be late.” |
Boss told me to finish the report by Friday. | Boss told me not to be late. |
3. POROČANJE VPRAŠANJ
Ko vprašanja enkrat poročamo, nimamo več vprašalnih povedi, temveč trdilne, zato se tudi vrstni red stavčnih členov spremeni v takšnega, kot ga najdemo v trdilnih povedih.
Vrstni red stavčnih členov v vprašalni povedih je tak, da pomožnim glagolom sledijo osebki:
- Nataša asked: “Where does she come from?” = Nataša je vprašala: “Od kod prihaja?”
Pri vprašanju je najprej pomožni glagol “does”, ki mu sledi osebek “she”.
Vrstni red stavčnih členov v poročanju vprašanj pa je tak kot v trdilnih povedih, torej osebek in šele potem glagol:
- Nataša asked where she came from. = Nataša je vprašala, od kod prihaja.
Pomožnega glagola “does” ni več, namesto tega imamo trdilno obliko.
3.1.Vprašanja z vprašalnicami
Če se vprašanja začno z vprašalnicami (why, how, where, when, who) je poročanje sledeče:
- Urška: “Why are you so nervous?” = Urška: “Zakaj si tako živčen?”
- Urška asked me why I was so nervous.= Urška me je vprašala, zakaj sem tako živčen.
Samo ponovimo vprašalnico, v tem primeru “why” (namesto “why” bi lahko imeli: who(m), when, how, where, which, whose, what) in sledi stavek katerega vrstni red stavčnih členov je tak kot v trdilnih povedih.
3.2.Vprašanja brez vprašalnic
Nanje odgovarjamo z “ja/ne” in se ne začnejo vprašalnicami (who(m), when, how, where, which, whose, what), ampak s pomožnimi glagoli (do/does/am/are/is/did/have/had):
- Urška: “Do you like studying English with me?” = Urška: “Se rad učiš angleščino z mano?”
- Urška asked me whether (/if) I liked studying English with her.= Urška me je vprašala, če se rad učim angleščino z njo.
Pri poročanju vprašanj brez vprašalnic si torej pomagamo z “whether” ali “if” in temu sledi stavek katerega vrstni red stavčnih členov je tak kot v trdilnih povedih.
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