Modalni glagoli = Modal Verbs
1. MODAL VERBS FOR EXPRESSING ABILITIES, PERMISSIONS, OBLIGATIONS, REQUESTS, OFFERS = MODALNI GLAGOLI ZA IZRAŽANJE ZMOŽNOSTI, DOVOLJENJ, OBVEZNOSTI, PROŠENJ, PONUDB
1.1. ABILITY = ZMOŽNOST, SPOSOBNOST
ZMOŽNOSTI OZIROMA SPOSOBNOSTI IZRAŽAMO Z MODALNIMI GLAGOLI “CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO”
1.1.1. Can = Znati, moči / lahko
“Can” uporabljamo, ko želimo izraziti telesne, umske ali duševne zmožnosti ali možnosti v sedanjosti:
- Can you drive a car? = Znaš voziti avto?
- Can you speak Chinese? = Ali znaš govoriti kitajsko?
- I can’t take this any longer. = Ne prenesem več tega.
- She can come on Monday. = Lahko pride v ponedeljek.
1.1.2. Could = Sem lahko, sem znal
“Could” izraža sposobnost, zmožnost v preteklosti:
- I could swim when I was six. = Plavati sem znala pri šestih.
- I couldn’t read as I was too tired. = Nisem mogla brati, saj sem bila preutrujena.
1.1.3. Be able to, manage to = Biti zmožen
Razlika med “can/could” in “be able to” je v tem, da “can/could” izražata splošno sposobnost/zmožnost, “be able to” pa je rabljen takrat, ko govorimo o nekem točno določenem dogodku, oziroma situaciji:
- That Sunday last summer I was able to swim to the island. = Tisto nedeljo lani sem lahko plavala do otoka.
1.1.4. Manage to = Uspeti
Ta glagol uporabimo, kadar se dolgo časa trudimo, da bi nekaj naredili, in nam potem to kljub težavam uspe:
- I wonder how Lucy managed to win the prize for the second time. = Sprašujem se, kako je Lucy uspelo že drugič dobiti nagrado.
NIKALNE OBLIKE GLAGOLOV “CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO”
Poglejmo si pomen teh glagolov, ko so zanikani:
- I can’t listen to this anymore. = Ne morem več poslušati tega.
- She can’t cook well. = Ne zna dobro kuhati.
- I couldn’t listen to rock when I was a teenager. = Kot najstnik nisem mogel poslušati rock glasbe.
- He isn’t able to come. = On ni zmožen priti.
- She wasn’t able to jump across that river. = Ni mogla skočiti čez tisto reko.
- I didn’t manage to come in time. = Ni mi uspelo priti pravočasno.
SPREMINJANJE MODALNIH GLAGOLOV “CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO” V RAZLIČNIH GLAGOLSKIH ČASIH
Glagola “be able to” in “manage to” imata oblike tako za prihodnjik kot za preteklik, medtem ko glagol “can” nima oblike za prihodnjik in ga lahko postavimo samo v preteklo obliko “could”, če pa govorimo o prihodnosti, ga moramo zamenjati z “will be able to”:
- I can write the report. = Lahko napišem poročilo.
- I won’t be able to finish it by Friday. = Ne bom ga mogel dokončati do petka.
- I could write when I was six. = Znal sem pisati, ko sem bil star šest let.
- Even though my hand was shaking, I was able to write. = Četudi se mi je roka tresla, sem bil zmožen pisati.
- I didn’t manage to run fast enough to catch the bus. = Ni mi uspelo dovolj hitro teči, da bi ujel avtobus.
- She managed to come in time. = Uspelo ji je priti pravočasno.
PREGLEDNICA SPREMINJANJA GLAGOLOV V RAZLIČNIH ČASIH
PRETEKLIK | SEDANJIK | PRIHODNJIK |
could | can | will be able to |
was/were able to | am/are/is able to | will be able to |
managed to | manage to | will manage to |
KADAR SE NEKAJ V PRETEKLOSTI NI ZGODILO, LAHKO TO IZRAZIMO NA SLEDEČ NAČIN:
could/should + “have” + pretekli deležnik (3. glagolska oblika ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”)
- You could have written the letter better. = Ti bi lahko boljše napisal pismo. (Pa nisi)
- You should have written the letter better. = Morala bi boljše napisati pismo. (Pa nisi)
Zgornja dejanja sta oba mimo in ju ne moremo več uresničiti ali ju spremeniti.
1.2. PERMISSION = DOVOLJENJE
DOVOLJENJE IZRAŽAMO Z GLAGOLI “CAN, MAY, BE ALLOWED TO”
1.2.1. Can = Lahko
Glagol “can” pomeni “lahko”.
- You can go out. = Lahko greš ven.
1.2.2. May = Smeti
Glagol “may” pomeni “smeti” in izraža bolj uradno dovoljenje. Je bolj vljudna različica modalnega glagola “can”
- You may now kiss the bride. = Zdaj lahko poljubite nevesto.
V zanikani obliki ta modalni glagol izraža vljudno prepoved:
- You may not eat in here. = Tu notri ne smete jesti.
1.2.3. Be allowed to = Biti dovoljeno
Ta glagol izraža bolj uradno dovoljenje, ki je navadno del izrečenih ali napisanih pravil:
- The safeguard said: “You aren’t allowed to jump into the water here.” = Reševalec je rekel: “Tukaj vam ni dovoljeno skakati v vodo.”
PREGLEDNICA SPREMINJANJA GLAGOLOV V RAZLIČNIH ČASIH
PRETEKLIK | SEDANJIK | PRIHODNJIK |
could | can | will be allowed to |
may | ||
Was/were allowed to | am/are/is allowed to | will be allowed to |
Nekaj primerov:
- Will I be allowed to come with you? = Ali mi bo dovoljeno iti z vami? (prihodnjik)
- He wasn’t allowed to enter the conference room. = Niso mu pustili vstopiti v konferenčno sobo. (preteklik)
- May I join you next week? = Se vam lahko pridružim naslednji teden? (prihodnjik)
1.3. OBLIGATION = OBVEZNOST, NUJNOST
OBVEZNOST IN NUJO IZRAŽAJO “SHOULD”, “HAVE TO” IN “MUST”
1.3.1. MILA, BLAGA OBVEZNOST
MILO OBVEZNOST IZRAŽAT “SHOULD”
Should = Naj bi, bi moral
“Should” uporabljamo, kadar svetujemo. Ta modalni glagol se nikoli ne uporablja za ukazovanje:
- I think you should eat less sweets. = Mislim, da bi morala jesti manj sladkarij.
1.3.1.1. Nikalna oblika glagola “should”
Glagol “should” v nikalni obliki, torej “shouldn’t” pomeni “ne bi smel”. Z njim nekaj odsvetujemo:
- She shouldn’t worry so much. = Ne bi je smelo toliko skrbeti.
1.3.2. STROGA OBVEZNOST
STROGO OBVEZNOST IZRAŽATA “MUST” IN “HAVE TO”
1.3.2.1. Have to = Morati
“Have to” se razlikuje od “must” v tem, da se uporablja, kadar poročamo o tem, kaj je nekdo drug rekel, naj bo narejeno, ali pa, kadar govorimo o stvareh, ki jih moramo narediti, ker nam tako naročajo okoliščine:
- I have to tidy up my room. = Moram pospraviti sobo. (mama je, na primer, tako naročila)
- I have to go to work three times a week. = Na delo moram trikrat na teden. (to spada k mojim dolžnostim)
1.3.2.2. Must = Morati
“Must” uporabljamo za neposredne ukaze oseb z avtoriteto, javna pravila in opozorila ali pa za izražanje močne želje ali obveze, ki jo čuti govorec sam, ker misli, da je nekaj nujno.
- A Policeman to a citizen: “You mustn’t park here!” = Policaj državljanu: “Ne smete parkirati tukaj!” (neposredni ukaz)
- Notice: Dogs must be kept on a leash. = Obvestilo: Psi morajo biti na vrvici. (javni napis)
- I really must pass this exam. = Res moram narediti ta izpit. (nujnost ali močna želja, ki jo govorec čuti sam)
NIKALNE OBLIKE GLAGOLOV “MUST” IN “HAVE TO”:
Glagola imata, ko sta zanikana, zelo različen pomen in zato moramo biti previdnejši pri rabi nikanih oblik. “Mustn’t” pomeni “ne smeš”, torej označuje strogo prepoved, medtem ko “don’t have to/doesn’t have to” povesta to, da nekaj ni nujno, dopuščata izbiro in ju prevajamo z “ni treba”.
- You mustn’t cheat at the exam! = Ne smeš goljufati pri izpitu! (prepoved)
- I don’t have to get up early today. = Danes mi ni treba zgodaj vstati. (ni obveznosti)
GLAGOLA “MUST” IN “HAVE TO” V RAZLIČNIH GLAGOLSKIH ČASIH:
“Must” se uporablja le za sedanjik, oblik za preteklik ali prihodnjik nima in v teh časih zato uporabimo ustrezno obliko glagola “have to”:
- You must visit me once. = Moraš me enkrat obiskati. (sedanjik “Present Simple”)
- You will have to be careful. = Moral boš biti previden. (prihodnjik “Future Simple”)
- You had to do that. = Moral si to storiti. (preteklik “Past Simple”)
- You had had to ask me. = Moral bi bil vprašati. (predpreteklik “Past Perfect Simple”)
PREGLEDNICA SPREMINJANJA GLAGOLOV V RAZLIČNIH ČASIH
PRETEKLIK | SEDANJIK | PRIHODNJIK |
should have | should | |
had to | have to | will have to |
had to | must | will have to |
1.4. REQUESTS = PROŠNJE
PROŠNJE TVORIMO Z VPRAŠANJI, KI VKLJUČUJEJO SLEDEČE MODALNE GLAGOLE/BESEDNE ZVEZE:
DO YOU MIND, WOULD YOU MIND, CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD
- Can I take your coat? = Ali lahko vzamem vaš plašč?
- Could you speak louder, please? = Ali bi lahko, prosim, govorili glasneje?
- Will you hurry up, please? = Ali lahko prosim pohitiš?
- Would you open the window, please? = Ali bi odprl okno, prosim?
Besedni zvezi “do you mind” in “would you mind”
- Would you mind… = Ali bi imel kaj proti…
- Do you mind… = Ali imaš kaj proti… (malo manj vljudno od “would you mind”)
Pomen teh dveh zvez se razlikuje glede na to, kakšen glagol sledi.
Kadar hočemo vprašati, ali ima kdo kaj proti, če sami nekaj storimo ali sprašujemo za dovoljenje, potem za besedno zvezo “Do you mind” uporabimo veznik “if” in “Present Simple”:
- Do you mind if I close the door? = Ali imate kaj proti, če zaprem vrata?
Kadar hočemo vprašati, ali ima kdo kaj proti, če nekdo drug nekaj stori, pa za to besedno zvezo damo glagol z obrazilom “–ing”:
- Do you mind closing the door? = Bi imeli kaj proti, če zaprete vrata?
- Do you mind waiting for a moment? = Bi imeli kaj proti, če počakate trenutek?
“Would you mind…” je vljudnejša oblika besedne zveze “do you mind”. Funkcijo ima enaka, s to razliko, da kadar sledi veznik “if”, za njim postavimo glagol v “Past Simple”; lahko pa zvezi sledi glagol z obrazilom “–ing”:
- Would you mind if I opened the door? = Bi imeli kaj proti, če bi odprl vrata?
- Would you mind watching “Titanic”? = Bi imeli kaj proti, če bi gledali “Titanik”?; lepše prevedeno: Bi gledali “Titanik”?
1.5. OFFERS = PONUDBE
PONUDBE IZRAŽAMO Z MODALNIMI GLAGOLI “WILL, SHALL, SHOULD, CAN”
1.5.1. Will = Bom
Will uporabljamo v trdilni povedi, pri čemer ponudimo, da bomo za nekoga nekaj storili:
- I will make the reservation. = Jaz bom naredila rezervacijo.
1.5.2. “Shall” in “should” = “Naj” in “naj bi”
Če ta glagola izražata ponudbo, ju uporabljamo le v vprašalnih povedih:
- Shall I help you with these bags? = Ali naj ti pomagam s temi torbami?
- Where should I put this? = Kam naj postavim tole?
1.5.3. Can = Lahko
Prav tako je v vprašalnih oblikah v rabi za izražanje ponudb modalni glagol “can”:
- Can I bring you anything? = Vam lahko karkoli prinesem?
2. MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION, EXPRESSING CERTAINTY AND POSSIBILITY= MODALNI GLAGOLI V FUNKCIJI SKLEPANJA, KI IZRAŽAJO GOTOVOST IN VERJETNOST
Približen pomen teh modalnih glagolov:
must, will (za prihodnost) | Zelo velika možnost |
can | Velika možnost |
should | Na osnovi preteklih izkušenj pričakujemo, da se bo zgodilo |
might | Dobra možnost |
may | 50 = 50 |
may not, might not | Približno 30-40% |
could | Možno je |
won’t, couldn’t, can’t, mustn’t | Velika možnost (negativno) |
2.1. POSSIBILITY = VERJETNOST
Verjetnost izražamo z naklonskimi glagoli “might”, “could” in “may”, pomen vseh treh pa se ne razlikuje veliko.
Kadar domnevamo, da je kaj možno, vendar res težko verjetno, uporabimo “might”. Ko so naše domneve, predvidevanja za resničnost ali možnost nečesa večje, uporabimo “could” (tu gre za sklepanje na osnovi izkušenj) in za še večje, uporabimo “may”.
- You might know him, but I doubt. = Mogoče ga poznaš, vendar dvomim.
- He could come to the party. = Lahko, da pride na zabavo.
- You may be too honest. = Mogoče si preveč odkrit.
Kadar domnevamo, da nečesa ni, oziroma se ne dogaja, v povedi izrazimo z nikalnico “not”, ki sledi naklonskemu glagolu:
- She may not have understood the question. = Mogoče ni razumela vprašanja.
- We might not be able to come. = Mogoče ne bomo mogli priti.
Krajšav za nikalne oblike tu ni, razen v sledečem primeru:
- He couldn’t have carried that armchair to the third floor as it weighs so much. = On že ni mogel nesti tistega naslanjača v tretje nadstropje, ker toliko tehta.
Besedne zveze, ki označujejo verjetnost so:
- I doubt… = Dvomim…
- Maybe… = Morda…
- Perhaps… = Morda…
- It’s possible… = Možno je…
Sledijo dvojice stavkov z istim pomenom, enkrat izraženim s pomočjo besednih zvez, drugič s pomočjo modalnih glagolov v funkciji sklepanja.
- It’s possible that she is just shy. = Možno je, da je samo sramežljiva.
She might be shy. = Mogoče je sramežljiva.
- Maybe this is her mother. = Mogoče je to njena mama.
This might be her mother. = Mogoče je to njena mama.
- Perhaps you will meet her at the party. = Mogoče jo boš srečal na zabavi.
You could meet her at the party. = Možno je, da jo boš srečal na zabavi.
- I doubt she is married. = Dvomim, da je poročena.
She might not be married. = Mogoče ni poročena.
Ko zanikamo besedne zveze, ki sicer izražajo verjetnost, tudi te začnejo izražati dvom:
- I’m not certain she comes from Ljubljana. = Nisem prepričan, če prihaja iz Ljubljane.
She might not come from Ljubljana. = Mogoče ne prihaja iz Ljubljane.
2.2. CERTAINTY = GOTOVOST
Kadar smo o nečem gotovi uporabimo “must” in “can’t”, pri čemer se:
-“must” uporablja, ko smo sigurni, da nekaj obstaja ali se dogaja:
- He must know the answer. = Zagotovo ve odgovor.
- They must be sleeping now. = Zdaj zagotovo spijo.
-“can’t” pa takrat, kadar smo prepričani, da nečesa ni, oziroma da se ne dogaja:
- She can’t be a lawyer. = Ona zagotovo ni odvetnica.
- You can’t have cooked all this by yourself. = Vsega tega gotovo nisi skuhala sama.
Gotovost napovedujejo naslednje besedne zveze:
- I bet… = Stavim, da…
- There is no doubt… = Nobenega dvoma ni…
- I’m convinced… = Prepričan sem…
- I’m certain… = Prepričan sem…
- I’m positive.. = Prepričan sem…
- I’m sure… = Prepričan sem…
Primeri stavkov z istim pomenom izraženim na dva različna načina:
- I bet you look good when you wear this dress. = Stavim, da dobro izgledaš, ko imaš oblečeno to obleko.
- You must look good when you wear this dress. = Zagotovo dobro izgledaš, ko imaš oblečeno to obleko.
- There is no doubt I will succeed. = Nobenega dvoma ni, da bom uspela.
- I must succeed. = Zagotovo bom uspela.
- I’m convinced they will come late. = Prepričan sem, da bodo zamudili.
- They must come late. = Zagotovo bodo zamudili.
- I’m certain Peter is in love with you. = Prepričan sem, da je Peter zaljubljen vate.
- Peter must be in love with you. = Peter je gotovo zaljubljen vate.
- I’m positive she is one of the best professors. = Prepričan sem, da je ena izmed najboljših profesoric.
- She must be one of the best professors. = Zagotovo je ena izmed najboljših profesoric.
- I’m sure they were not serious. = Prepričana sem, da niso bili resni.
- They can’t have been serious. = Oni gotovo niso bili resni.
3. TVORJENJE ČASOV Z MODALNIMI GLAGOLI V FUNKCIJI SKLEPANJA
3.1. SEDANJOST IN PRIHODNOST
3.1.1. “Present Simple” in “Future Simple”
Ko želimo tvoriti povedi v tem času, za naklonskim glagolom postavimo nedoločnik:
- Maybe we will meet next time I visit your country. = Morda se srečava, ko bom naslednjič obiskal tvojo državo.
- We might meet next time I visit your country. = Morda se srečava, ko bom naslednjič obiskal tvojo državo.
- Maybe we will go to China again. = Mogoče bomo šli spet na Kitajsko.
- We might go to China again. = Mogoče bomo šli spet na Kitajsko.
- I’m certain you’ll be awarded. = Prepričana sem, da boš nagrajen.
- You must be awarded. = Gotovo boš nagrajen.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + nedoločnik
3.1.2. “Present Continuous”
- I’m sure Tom is having a shower now. = Prepričana sem, da se Tom sedaj tušira.
- Tom must be having a shower now. = Tom se sedaj gotovo tušira.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + be + -ing
3.2. PRETEKLOST
3.2.1. “Present Perfect Simple” in “Past Simple”
- I’m sure he didn’t mean it seriously. = Prepričan sem, da ni mislil resno.
- He can’t have meant it seriously. = On že ni mislil resno.
- Maybe this letter was from her. = Mogoče je bilo to pismo njeno.
- This letter might have been from her. = Mogoče je bilo to pismo njeno.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + have + deležnik preteklega časa
(pretekli deležnik je 3. oblika nepravilnega glagola ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”)
3.2.2. “Past Continuous” in “Present Perfect Continuous”
Ta dva glagolska časa tvorimo tako, da za naklonskim glagolom postavimo “have been”, polnopomenskemu glagolu pa dodamo obrazilo “–ing”:
- I’m sure she was sleeping when you came. = Prepričan sem, da je spala, ko si prišel.
- She must have been sleeping when you came. = Zagotovo je spala, ko si prišel.
- Perhaps she has been joking. = Morda se je šalila.
- She might have been joking. = Morda se je šalila.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + have been + -ing
POVZETEK MODALNIH GLAGOLOV V FUNKCIJI SKLEPANJA:
Tom is with his family now. | TO VEM | ||
Tom | must (I am convinced – even if I do not know) | be with his family now. | TO PREDVIDEVAM |
will (I suppose) | |||
may (it is possible) | |||
might (it is possible) | |||
won’t (I suppose he is not) | |||
can’t (I am sure he is not – even if I do not know) |
Tom is playing with his family now. | TO VEM | ||
Tom | must (I am convinced – even if I do not know) | be playing with his family now. | TO PREDVIDEVAM |
will (I suppose) | |||
may (it is possible) | |||
might (it is possible) | |||
won’t (I suppose he is not) | |||
can’t (I am sure he is not – even if I do not know) |
Tom was with his family yesterday. | TO VEM | ||
Tom | must (I am convinced – even if I do not know) | have been with his family yesterday. | TO PREDVIDEVAM |
will (I suppose) | |||
may (it is possible) | |||
might (it is possible) | |||
won’t (I suppose he is not) | |||
can’t (I am sure he is not – even if I do not know) |
Tom was playing with his family yesterday. | TO VEM | ||
Tom | must (I am convinced – even if I do not know) | have been playing with his family yesterday. | TO PREDVIDEVAM |
will (I suppose) | |||
may (it is possible) | |||
might (it is possible) | |||
won’t (I suppose he is not) | |||
can’t (I am sure he is not – even if I do not know) |
3.3. TRPNIK
Večinoma se uporabljata samo dve obliki trpnika, in sicer za:
3.3.1. “Present Simple” in “Future Simple”
Za tvorjenje trpnika potrebujemo glagol “be” v nedoločniku, ki mu sledi deležnik preteklega časa:
- I’m sure this dress is imported from China. = Prepričana sem, da je ta obleka uvožena iz Kitajske.
- This dress must be imported from China. = Ta obleka je gotovo iz Kitajske.
- I’m certain he will be rewarded. = Prepričan sem, da bo nagrajen.
- He must be rewarded. = Gotovo bo nagrajen.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + be + deležnik preteklega časa (pretekli deležnik je 3. oblika nepravilnega glagola ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”)
3.3.2. “Past Simple” in “Present Perfect Simple”
Trpno obliko tvorimo na sledeč način:
- I doubt this bridge was built before 1990. = Dvomim, da so ta most zgradili pred 1990.
- This bridge might not have been built before 1990. = Morda tega mostu niso zgradili pred 1990.
- I’m sure that street has been widened. = Prepričan sem, da so razširili cesto.
- The street must have been widened. = Zagotovo so razširili cesto.
Tvorba: modalni glagol + have + been + deležnik preteklega časa (pretekli deležnik je 3. oblika nepravilnega glagola ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”)
4. REŠEVANJE VAJ Z MODALNIMI GLAGOLI V FUNKCIJI SKLEPANJA
Nekaj vaj, ki sledijo je sestavljenih na tak način, da boste pretvarjali stavek.
Primer:
- I’m sure she did not cooperate in this. = Prepričan sem, da ona ni sodelovala v tem.
- She can’t have cooperated in this. = Ona že ni mogla sodelovati v tem.
Pri tem tipu vaj si najprej pogledamo prvi del povedi (I’m certain/I doubt/It is possible), ki nam pove, ali smo o čem prepričani, dvomimo, mislimo… Potem pogledamo, če je kaj zanikano in na koncu, v katerem času je poved.
Glede na prvi del povedi (I’m certain/I doubt/It is possible), se odločimo, kateri modalni glagol bomo uporabili in glede na čas, v katerem je poved, se odločimo, kakšna bo oblika glagola, ki sledi modalnemu glagolu.
- I’m sure you are well prepared for the exam. = Prepričan sem, da si dobro pripravljen za izpit.
- You must be well prepared for the exam. = Gotovo si dobro pripravljen za izpit.
Poved se začne z “I’m sure…”, zato potrebujemo glagol “must”. Glagolski čas v zgornji povedi je “Present Simple”, zato uporabimo strukturo “be” + pretekli deležnik (3. glagolska oblika ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”).
- Maybe he isn’t waiting for us anymore. = Morda nas ne čaka več.
- He might not be waiting for us anymore. = Morda nas ne čaka več.
Poved se začne z “Maybe…”, zato uporabimo modalni glagol “might”. Ker je prva poved zanikana, dodamo nikalnico “not”, sledi “be” ter glagol z obrazilom “-ing”, ker je v prejšnji povedi glagolski čas “Present Continuous”.
- I doubt he was well prepared for the exam. = Dvomim, da je bil dobro pripravljen za izpit.
- He might not have been well prepared for the exam. = Možno, da ni bil dobro pripravljen za izpit.
Poved se začne z “I doubt…”, kar pomeni, da potrebujemo zanikan glagol “might”. Glagolski čas v zgornji povedi je “Past Simple”, zato uporabimo strukturo “have” + pretekli deležnik (3. glagolska oblika ali pravilni glagol z obrazilom “-ed”).
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